Punjabi Republic

-founds empire

-in alliance with jammu rajputs who help him conquer kashmir, ladakh

-occupies sindh, also cutch, helped by british imperial instability

-modernizes military in assistance with French Republic, elite fauj-i-khas

-in office, serves as stable hand on tiller, defeats afghan invasion, and sets up a status quo

-governs over modernization, sends engineers and officers to france for education

-many of them come back with new liberal ideas, politicizing the army

-sees great indian famine, effects are bad and worsened by feudalism

-decentralized and feudal form of the state results in sluggish and intemperate relief

-military, liberal elements view punjabi empire as rotten carcass to be destroyed

-in 1879, massive afghan invasion repulsed by young general prem nath kaul

-in 1881, kaul discredits his colleages by accusing them of plotting a coup, becomes main general

-in 1882, kaul then overthrows him, strips him of his turban and throws him into exile, and establishes a liberal order

-not in line of succession but beginning in 1850s, gathers coterie of liberal reformers around him

-promotes panaceas - industrial development, free trade, and the creation of a parliament

-upon coming to power, convenes constituent assembly

-all but dictates new constitution, schemes against kaul for power

-results in kaul overthrowing him in turn and exiling him in turn

-constituent assembly writes new constitution, which gets cleared punjab's new maharaja, intended to evoke guru granth sahib and imprint republican legalism on the nation

-end of punjabi monarchy becomes asian moment, inspires many, and while british try to get kaul to declare himself maharaja he refuses

-overthrew monarchy, served provisionally until elections held

-local ruler of patiala declares himself maharaja of punjab with british support

-the Nawab of Bahawalpur issued a request for British Isles protection

-the Pahari region continued to recognize Dalip Singh as legitimate.

-sent onto military campaigns afterwards

1883 def. Abdulrashid Bajwa (Scottish Rite Masonic), Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha), Jagjit Singh (Rajshahi), Abdullah Md Khan (Majlis-i-Muslimeen), Aryan Singh (Hindu Rakshak Sabha), Tara Singh Pindi (Akali), Anand Mohan Bose (Hindustan Azad Samaj)

-parties formed around new fraternities, caste associations, and religious associations - also royalist club

-masons, who served as moving force of revolution, form government

-makes peace with the british, who recognize punjabi borders

-jat sikhs form sarbat khalsa, intended to be the parliament of the sikh religion and take control of it from the khatris

-neo-vedic, islamic heterodox movements cause riots and tensions

-afghan invasion results in rapid loss of confidence, ministry loses power

1886 (min.) Upinder Singh Arora (French Rite Masonic), Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha), Anand Mohan Bose (Carbonari), Santeshwar Singh Ahluwalia (Sipahi), Tara Singh Pindi (Akali Singh Sabha), Abdullah Md Khan (Majlis-i-Muslimeen), Aryan Singh (Hindu Rakshak Sabha), Jagjit Singh (Rajshahi)

-consists of more elite people, rooted in diplomats inducted into british masonic order, which tends more towards conservatism

-afghan invasion thrown back

-candidates from army-occupied areas form "Sipahi" bloc

-pahari region new focus of army suppression - jammu destroyed, and kangra occupied peacefully with kaul's army halting an anti-muslim pogrom in its wake

-bajwa loses vote of no confidence

-coalition of merchants take power, led by marwari guy

-not very popular, doesn't last long

1889 (min.) Upinder Singh Arora (French Rite Masonic), Tara Singh Pindi (Akali Singh Sabha), Santeshwar Singh Ahluwalia (Sipahi), Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha), Anand Mohan Bose (Carbonari), Abdullah Md Khan (Majlis-i-Muslimeen), Aryan Singh (Hindu Rakshak Sabha)

-installed in vote in alliance with sikh sarbat khalsa

-military returns victorious, officers sneer at parliament and all its bickering

-prem nath kaul decides civilians are incapable of governance, thus issues decree and sends troops into the majlis, arresting opponents and getting it to declare him sardar

1890: Acclaimed by the Majlis

1892: Virtually unopposed

1895: Virtually unopposed

1898: Virtually unopposed

1901: Virtually unopposed

-as military dictator, reorganizes governance into one-party system, arrests political opponents, elections become noncompetitive due to control of nominations

-builds railroads across the nation to unify it

-opens up land to farming with irrigation, resulting in new agrarian expansion which kaul successfully reserves for mazhabi and other low-caste people

-while land gets broken up into smallholds with compensation, resulting in new expansion of economy (former landowners becoming industrialists) and calms tensions with jats

-alliance with france means a lot of francophilia, import of coffee, new fashions, and french loanwords

-codifies punjabi into perso-arabic script, standardizes punjabi and establishes sindhi, persian, and kashmiri as co-official only in certain areas

-with a school system to make people punjabi, and deprecates pahari tongues as mere varieties to be turned punjabi

-issues secular civil code based on napoleonic code, crushes ensuing religious rebellions

-co-opts religious into bodies which allow him to supervise them, recognizes organizations which are loyal and bans the rest

-three "main religions" - islam, hinduism, and sikhism - with christianity (mostly armenian from overland trade), judaism (mostly sephardi from indian ocean trade), zoroastrianism (also from indian ocean trade), and buddhism (mostly ladakh) incorporated on more ad-hoc basis

-issues anti-caste law, banning large numbers of casteist behaviors and markers from public space, and simplifying turban to one singular model - and eliminating last names in favor of patronymics

-promotes rise of french rite freemasonry, suspending operation of scottish rite freemasonry, as an alternative to social purposes of caste unifying people across religious lines

-quickly making it powerful, with patronage doled to its members, and religious rituals developing on sufi-bhakti lines (all called Masonic Yoga)

-attempts to grow industry, establishing coglomerates to be assisted in all purposes in their development of industry, and imports many workers from british raj

-dies, revered as a hero, mourned by the nation, and today save for some intellectuals he is unanimously revered

-ashes deposited in ganges, causes diplomatic crisis when british raj tries to drag its feet, when ashes deposited crowd gathers and chants prem nath kaul zindabad

1904: Virtually unopposed

1907: Virtually unopposed

1910 def. Abdullah Ayubputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)

-begins process of civilianization as he seeks to decrease power of military out of fear of coup (despite himself being a former officer)

-growing movement of people come with railroads

-karachi grows into massive port with large punjabi population

-pashtun lands see large punjabi minority (assimilates most of them, resulting in pashtun hindus, sikhs coming to exist)

-kashmir sees punjabi population growing, rising tensions between kashmiri and punjabi hindus over shrines

-takes a softer line towards dissent, allows for rise of competitive seats with establishment of separate election office, and they begin to crystallize into party with power in the regions and endorsing free markets

-in 1913, to shock of many, it wins due to better organized new machines

1913 def. Azimullah Muhammadputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)

1914: Coup attempt defeated

1916 def. Azimullah Muhammadputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha (Pro-Coup)), Priyadarshini Premnathdibibi (Jamhuriyat Sabha (Anti-Coup))

1919 def. Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)

-attempts to implement policies to break up coglomerates, but faced with coup by army which hates his govt

-coup plotters, however, fail to get support from the whole jamhuriyatis, due to prem nath kaul's late wife priyadarshini refusing to go along and instead meeting shasankramvadis in fateh maidan and giving this assembly the 2/3 quorum it needs to declare itself actual legislature and defeat coup

-though not before protestors in fateh maidan get shot by army, making this known as "fateh maidan revolution"

-with this success abdullah gets to work on weakening coglomerates, his attempts to split them up largely fail though as they reassert themselves

-attempts decentralization, greatly benefits karachi, and to a lesser extent peshawar, srinagar, and rawalpindi

-as price of food increases due to coup in russia and its ensuing civil unrest, shasankramvadi govt loses popularity despite it successfully ensuring food by securing purchase of american grain

-as well as ethnic riots helped by migration of ethnic punjabis to non-punjabi areas

-results in open talk of coup, but military decisively weakened

-ousted in 1922 as a result

1922 def. Abdullah Ayubputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)

1925 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)

1928 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)

-strengthens power of consortia, declaring the need to empower them to compete with outside business

-ensures it gets a good deal for american grain, imports it in high numbers

-in 1926, afghanistan breaks apart into chaos, amanullah khan its modernizing monarch forced into exile in punjab

-ram singh keeps him out of border departments, but allows him a nice palace in multan where he recruits soldiers

-quickly becomes a crisis, but momentarily ram singh able to keep a handle upon the situation and keep control

-but in 1930, afghanistan launches a preemptive invasion to oust amanullah khan, and this results in war

-ram singh defeated, having lost confidence

1931 def. Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)

1934 def. Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)

-refugee wave comes in, both from afghanistan and from russian junta's conquest of central asia, large proportion bukharan and some afghan, iranian jews

-krishnaputtar quickly grants refugees citizenship, turning jews from a small coastal minority to a sizeable inland one, makes judaism fourth major religion, gives them own neighborhood in lahore

-they quickly get acceptance, and for their persianate culture, dietary restrictions, and strict monotheism they get regarded as slightly weird muslims

-sends amanullah khan across border along with army (much of it recruited among punjabi pashtuns), war becomes afghan civil war in its wake

-with this war goes better in punjab's favour, troops pulled out, and by 1935, afghanistan solidly back under amanullah khan's rule and he continues with modernization

-but in 1936, hindustani-speaking bits of british raj break into revolution in wake of bombing of patna in British Wars > Hindustani War of Independence (1936-9), results in massive refugee wave of mostly poor

-but growing backlash against hindustani refugees, and govt viewed as weak as violence happens just across the border

1937 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha), Muhammad Yusufputtar (Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha)

-govt invades border strip as buffer, with many peasants formerly under british occupation celebrating this as liberation

-rise of new anti-refugee party as they're viewed as "taking jobs", turns into often extreme hostility

-in 1939, war comes to an end, but many refugees stay, results in violence intended to make them leave

-in same year, nativist party grows with the issuing of the rawalpindi compact by both them and dissident jamhuriyatis and shasankramvadis (who move in out of political cynicism)

-wins following election

1940 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha), Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)

1942: Coup attempt defeated

1943 def. Santeshwar Singh Manmohanputtar (Jamhuriyat-Sasankramvadi Mahasabha)

-in power, seeks to send hindustani refugees back across the border

-riots they help spark, however, largely send elite hindustanis back across the border, with many playing massive roles in setting up institutions

-they make it tough to prove citizenship, and divide non-citizens into classes with class 5 refugees sent forcefully across the border

-horrified elements in the army attempt a coup, but with street popularity it successfully represses it by mobilizing the use of the radio, then crushes military

-gives govt enough popularity to win reelection

-govt adopts racial theories to justify hatred of people who look, talk almost the same, claiming punjabis are "pure" of race in contrast to "mixed-race" hindustanis

-uses state apparatus to crush opposition

-under state pressure coglomerates forced to fire all hindustani refugees, and centres to send them across border set up with army enforcing it

-labor shortage this causes results in coglomerates recruiting people from the farms, mostly jats

-results in chaotic process of urbanization centred around lahore mostly which all but swallows amritsar, and this process results in widespread chaos

-jat caste identity interferes with weakening of caste in cities, and their exclusion from city life due to them having a caste identity results in them forming caste associations

-forced underground by state, they turn into crime syndicates which cause a lot of chaos

-plus labor shortage causes less production of goods, which combined with high tariff means expensive goods

-enough to force a defeat of the rawalpindi compact in 1946

1946 def. Anand Aryaputtar (Rawalpindi Compact)

1947: Coup attempt defeated

1949 def. Anand Aryaputtar (Rawalpindi Compact), Karnail Mangalputtar (Nava Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha), Hanuman Singh Upinderputtar (Association of Workers and Peasants), Jarnail Singh Santeshwarputtar (Asli Rawalpindi Compact)

1952 def. Anand Aryaputtar (Rawalpindi Compact), Hanuman Singh Upinderputtar (Association of Workers and Peasants), Karnail Mangalputtar (Nava Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha)

-coalition of "old parties" in the end defeats rawalpindism

-immediately gets to work permitting foreign workers to come to the country, relaxes naturalization laws

-but urbanization continues apace, and also is better able to deal with jat alienation which reduces crime

-coup attempt by rawalpindite elements in military it represses, and finally deals with the military once and for all by reducing it

-also civilianizes the gendarmerie

-following a china-sponsored revolution in tibet in 1948, dalai lama flees to ladakh and gets mass support, santeshwar singh responds by forcing him to go to dharamsala which he can't break off

-state forced to deal with this, arranges to make buddhism punjab's fifth main religion

-eventually in 1950, he returns to tibet after a deal with its new republican govt making him extraterritorially autonomous with recognition as a state, and the dalai lama's embassy in lahore is part of new religious system

-but at home, govt deals with rawalpindi compact by investigations and imprisonment, resulting in it weakening and starting to eat itself in opposition

-also, imports american scientists to see how to improve crop yields, and new wheat varieties, mechanization, new fertilizers and pesticides adopted; result is massive runaway success with crop yields

-martin f johnson, american scientist responsible, immediately celebrated as a great hero, given virtually every honor that punjab can possibly give, and moment celebrated as "second punjabi revolution"

-new food security benefits nation greatly, though rising urbanization comes with labor friction

-following andhrulu revolution and formation of associationist state in india, they become associationist, resulting in associationist party breaking out

-suppression of strike (with bloodshed) results in movement getting prominent, but food security means santeshwar singh's ministry continues to be popular